IGNOU MPS-003 Assignment Answers 2025: : India: Democracy and Development Solved Part 1
Question 1: Explain the concept of development and its relationship with democracy.
Answer: The concept of development occupies a central place in sociology as it relates to the transformation of societies over time in terms of economic growth, social progress, political participation, and cultural advancement. Development is not merely about economic prosperity measured through indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP); rather, it is a multidimensional process involving the enhancement of people’s quality of life, reduction of inequalities, empowerment of marginalized groups, and the establishment of institutions that promote justice and equality. In sociological terms, development encompasses social change directed towards improving human welfare and expanding people’s choices and freedoms.
Understanding Development
From a sociological perspective, development refers to a comprehensive process of social transformation. It involves modernization of economic systems, expansion of education and health facilities, technological advancement, urbanization, and democratization of social institutions. Sociologists such as W.W. Rostow viewed development as a linear process that societies undergo from traditional to modern stages, emphasizing industrialization and economic growth. However, critical sociologists like Andre Gunder Frank and Immanuel Wallerstein challenged this view through Dependency Theory and World Systems Theory, arguing that underdevelopment in some countries is the result of their exploitation by developed nations in a global capitalist system.
Modern sociological approaches to development, such as Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach, shift the focus from economic indicators to human well-being and freedom. Sen emphasizes that true development occurs when individuals have the freedom to choose and the capability to live the kind of life they value. This approach directly connects development with the principles of democracy, as both involve the enhancement of individual freedoms and participatory decision-making.
Concept of Democracy
Democracy, in its sociological sense, is not limited to a political system of governance but is a social way of life based on equality, participation, dialogue, and respect for human rights. It enables citizens to have a voice in political processes and to hold those in power accountable. Sociologists view democracy as an institution that promotes inclusion, collective will, and social justice. Democracy supports the empowerment of marginalized communities, reduces power disparities, and encourages active citizenship—all of which are integral to the process of development.
Relationship Between Development and Democracy
The relationship between development and democracy is mutually reinforcing and complex. On one hand, democracy creates a conducive environment for development by ensuring political stability, transparency, and accountability. On the other hand, economic and social development strengthens democracy by reducing poverty, expanding education, and creating an informed citizenry capable of meaningful participation.
In democratic societies, policies and developmental programs are ideally framed through public deliberation and participation. People have the right to influence decisions affecting their lives, leading to more equitable distribution of resources. For example, in India, democratic decentralization through Panchayati Raj Institutions has allowed local populations to participate directly in planning and implementing developmental projects. This local governance system enhances both development and democracy by empowering citizens at the grassroots level.
Moreover, democracy ensures freedom of expression, a free press, and an active civil society, which are vital for identifying developmental issues and holding authorities accountable. Development in democratic societies tends to be more inclusive, as different social groups—based on class, caste, gender, or ethnicity—can voice their concerns and influence policy. Conversely, in authoritarian regimes, development may achieve economic growth but often at the cost of social justice and political freedom, as seen in certain states that prioritize industrialization while suppressing dissent.
However, the relationship is not always harmonious. Some sociologists argue that democracy can sometimes slow down decision-making due to debates, elections, and differing interests, while authoritarian regimes may implement development projects more swiftly. Yet, sustainable development—which includes not just economic growth but also social equity and environmental balance—requires participatory governance, transparency, and accountability, all of which are democratic principles.
Conclusion
In sociological terms, both development and democracy are processes of human empowerment and social transformation. Development without democracy risks becoming exploitative and unequal, while democracy without development can lead to instability and disillusionment. Therefore, for a society to achieve holistic progress, both must coexist and reinforce each other. Democracy provides the institutional framework for inclusive development, while development strengthens democratic values by promoting education, equality, and participation. In essence, the sociological relationship between development and democracy reflects the quest for a just, participatory, and humane society—one that values both material progress and human dignity.
Question 2; Analyse the functioning of the federal system in India.
Answer: The federal system in India represents a unique blend of unity and diversity, reflecting the country’s vast cultural, linguistic, religious, and regional plurality. From a sociological perspective, federalism in India is not merely a political or constitutional arrangement but a mechanism for managing diversity, promoting inclusion, and ensuring cooperative governance. The functioning of the federal system has evolved over time, shaped by historical circumstances, socio-political movements, regional aspirations, and the changing dynamics of power between the Centre and the States.
Concept of Federalism
Federalism, in general, refers to a system of governance in which power and authority are divided between two levels of government—central (national) and state (regional)—each operating independently within its own sphere. The purpose of a federal structure is to balance national unity with regional autonomy. In sociology, federalism is often studied as a framework for managing social pluralism, reducing regional inequalities, and accommodating diverse identities within a single political system.
In India, the Constitution of 1950 established a quasi-federal system—that is, a federation with a strong unitary bias. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described it as “federal in form but unitary in spirit.” The framers of the Constitution designed it this way to maintain national integrity and unity after independence, given the challenges of partition, princely states, and socio-economic disparities.
Structural Framework of Indian Federalism
The Indian federal system divides powers between the Union and the States through the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, which contains three lists:
- Union List – subjects under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Centre (e.g., defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy).
- State List – subjects under the jurisdiction of States (e.g., police, health, agriculture).
- Concurrent List – subjects on which both Centre and States can legislate (e.g., education, environment).
This constitutional division is meant to ensure a balance between national coordination and regional autonomy. However, the functioning of federalism in India often depends on political, economic, and administrative factors, not just constitutional provisions.
Functioning of the Federal System
In practice, Indian federalism has evolved through three major phases: centralization (1950s–1970s), cooperative federalism (1990s–2010s), and competitive federalism (post-2014).
1. Centralization and Dominance of the Centre
In the initial decades after independence, the same political party—the Indian National Congress—ruled both at the Centre and in most States. This led to a centralized pattern of governance, where the Centre exercised considerable control over the States through mechanisms like Article 356 (President’s Rule) and financial dependence. Sociologically, this phase reflected the need for strong national integration and stability during the formative years of the nation-state.
2. Emergence of Regionalism and Coalition Politics
By the 1980s and 1990s, the rise of regional parties and identity-based movements—based on language, ethnicity, and culture—challenged central dominance. This led to the emergence of coalition governments at the Centre, which increased the bargaining power of States. Sociologically, this phase marked a shift toward recognizing India’s plurality and diversity. Issues like linguistic reorganization of States, demands for autonomy, and regional development gained importance. This was also the period when Panchayati Raj Institutions (73rd and 74th Amendments) strengthened federalism by promoting grassroots democracy and decentralization.
3. Cooperative and Competitive Federalism
In the 21st century, the federal system in India has been characterized by both cooperation and competition. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, where both the Centre and States participate in decision-making, exemplifies cooperative federalism. At the same time, policies that encourage States to compete for investment and innovation reflect competitive federalism. Institutions like the NITI Aayog have replaced the top-down planning model of the Planning Commission, promoting partnership rather than control.
Challenges in the Federal Functioning
Despite its successes, Indian federalism faces several sociological and political challenges:
- Fiscal Imbalance: States rely heavily on the Centre for financial resources, leading to dependency and occasional friction.
- Political Polarization: When different political parties govern the Centre and States, it often results in conflict over policy implementation and fund allocation.
- Regional Inequalities: Economic and developmental disparities among States affect social cohesion and the equitable functioning of federalism.
- Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: While federalism provides space for diversity, it also faces strains from demands for new States or greater autonomy.
Sociological Significance
From a sociological standpoint, the Indian federal system functions as a mechanism for managing diversity, preventing domination, and promoting inclusiveness. It reflects the pluralistic character of Indian society by ensuring representation and participation of various regions, cultures, and communities in governance. The federal framework thus acts as a tool for social integration, enabling India to function as a single nation while respecting its internal diversities.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the functioning of India’s federal system demonstrates a dynamic interplay between central authority and regional autonomy, shaped by historical, social, and political forces. Indian federalism has evolved from a highly centralized system to one that increasingly recognizes the importance of cooperation, decentralization, and diversity. From a sociological perspective, it serves as a vital instrument for maintaining unity in diversity, ensuring equitable development, and strengthening democratic participation. The resilience and adaptability of India’s federal system remain key to sustaining its democratic and multicultural fabric in the face of ongoing social and political transformations.
Explain the concept of development and its relationship with democracy.
Analyse the functioning of the federal system in India.
Elaborate on the Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalization (LPG) policies.
Elaborate upon the evolution of peasant movements in India.
Write short notes on the following in about 250 words. A) The Telangana Peasant Rebellion
Write short notes on the following in about 250 words. B) Political participation
Explain the behavioralist concept of political participation.
Explain the nature of regionalism in India.
Examine the Basic Minimum Needs approach to human development.
Discuss the causes of over-urbanisation.
Write short notes on the following in about 250 words a) Internal Migration
Write short notes on the following in about 250 words. b) Sustainable Development
IGNOU MPS-003 Assignment Answers 2025: : India: Democracy and Development Solved Part 1